The adaptive immune system consists of specialized cells and processes that eliminate or prevent the growth of foreign pathogens. It can adapt and fight against unseen pathogenes in a remarquably efficient and specific manner, and can also remember past infections with striking precision. In order to build a fast and effective immune response, B-cells duplicate, mutate and go through an accelerated Darwinian selection process. This process occurs in germinal centers (GCs), which thus play a central role in generating an effective immune response against infectious pathogens. Importantly, failures within their tightly regulated environment can lead to the development of autoimmune diseases and cancer. Unfortunatly, there are still many unanswered question about the mechanisms involved in the GC reaction, and it is still the topic of ongoing research.
As GCs are stochastic systems that display a high level of variability even within the same individual, mathematical models are crucial to deepen our understanding of the cellular and molecular processes characterising these complex dynamic systems. Importantly, a realistic model should incorporate together in a hybrid manner the various mechanisms involved in the response, occurring simultaneously at very different scales (e.g. molecular binding, intra-cellular and inter-cellular interactions)